The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the stimulant (refer to Criteria A and B of the criteria set for stimulant withdrawal).ī. Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:Ī. Note: This criterion is not considered to be met for those taking stimulant medications solely under appropriate medical supervision, such as medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or narcolepsy. A markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the stimulant. A need for markedly increased amounts of the stimulant to achieve intoxication or desired effect.ī. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:Ī. Stimulant use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the stimulant. Recurrent stimulant use in situations in which it is physically hazardous. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of stimulant use. Recurrent stimulant use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.Ĭontinued stimulant use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the stimulant. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control stimulant use.Ī great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the stimulant, use the stimulant, or recover from its effects.Ĭraving, or a strong desire or urge to use the stimulant. The stimulant is often taken in larger amounts over a longer period than was intended.
Promising therapies include disulfiram and substitution therapy for cocaine misuse disorders, and mirtazapine for methamphetamine use disorder.Ī pattern of amphetamine-type substance, cocaine, or other stimulant use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a 12-month period: Psychosocial intervention is the main form of treatment for addiction to these substances. Their effects are similar to those of other stimulants, and they are addictive. Synthetic cathinones are marketed as cheap substitutes for other stimulants. Acute intoxication may cause severe cardiac and respiratory complications and seizures. Synthetic cannabinoids can have a more intense and long-lasting effect than natural cannabis. Adverse effects include serotonin syndrome, hyponatremia, long-term memory impairment, and mood disorders. MDMA is a stimulant and psychedelic with a chemical structure similar to serotonin. Methamphetamine misuse is associated with severe dental problems. Like cocaine, methamphetamine blocks reuptake of monoamine transporters, but also stimulates dopamine release and has a longer duration of action. Acute myocardial infarction, seizures, hallucinations, hyperthermia, and movement disorders are among the possible adverse effects. Immediate clinical effects include increased energy and euphoria, as well as hypertension and arrhythmias.
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of the monoamine transporters dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. This article reviews the clinical effects and treatment of persons who use cocaine, methamphetamines, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), synthetic cannabinoids, and synthetic cathinones (“bath salts”). population 12 years and older reported using illicit substances in 2015.
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